When 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate exploded in Beirut’s port on August 4, 2020, it ripped via the town, killing greater than 218 individuals. Amongst them was three-year-old Alexandra Naggear.
5 years later, the investigation into who’s at fault for the blast has been delayed, and at instances derailed, by political interference.
“Crucial factor for us isn’t for the choice, however for full justice to occur,” Tracy Naggear, Alexandra’s mom and a key activist advocating for the blast’s victims, advised Al Jazeera by telephone. “And we gained’t settle for a half-truth or half-justice.”
Because the fifth anniversary of the tragedy approaches, there may be some optimism that the judicial investigation is lastly transferring in the precise course after dealing with obstacles, principally from well-connected politicians refusing to reply questions and the previous public prosecutor blocking the investigation.
A call from the lead prosecutor is predicted quickly, activists and authorized sources conversant in the matter advised Al Jazeera. And whereas the highway to justice remains to be lengthy, for the primary time, there’s a feeling that momentum is constructing.
Justice derailed
“You’ll be able to really feel a constructive environment [this time],” lawyer Tania Daou-Alam advised Al Jazeera.
Daou-Alam now lives in the USA, however is in Lebanon for the annual commemoration of the blast, which incorporates protests and a memorial.
Her husband of 20 years, Jean-Frederic Alam, was killed by the blast, which was one of many largest non-nuclear explosions in fashionable historical past.
Daou-Alam can be considered one of 9 victims suing the US-based firm TGS in a Texas courtroom for $250m, claiming it was concerned in chartering the Rhosus, a Moldovan-flagged ship that carried the ammonium nitrate into Beirut’s port in 2013.
She advised Al Jazeera that the case is extra about “demanding accountability and entry to paperwork that might shed extra gentle on the broader chain of duty” than it’s about compensation.
The inhabitants of Beirut is used to dealing with crises with out authorities assist. Quite a few bombings and assassinations have occurred, with the state hardly ever, if ever, holding anybody accountable.
Frustration and a way of abandonment by the state, the political system, and the people who profit from it already boiled over into an rebellion in October 2019, lower than a yr earlier than the blast.
Within the instant aftermath of the explosion, residents cleaned up the town themselves. Politicians who got here for photograph alternatives had been chased out by indignant residents, and mutual assist crammed the hole left by the state.
The tip of Lebanon’s 15-year civil conflict in 1990 set the tone for the impunity that has plagued the nation ever since. Specialists and historians say militia leaders traded their fatigues for fits, pardoned one another, awarded themselves ministries and commenced rerouting the nation’s assets to their private coffers.
Preliminary investigations discovered that the explosion was brought on by ammonium nitrate saved at Beirut port in improper circumstances for six years.
In addition they discovered that many high officers, together with then-President Michel Aoun, had been knowledgeable of the ammonium nitrate’s presence, however selected to not act.
Choose Fadi Sawan was chosen to steer the total investigation in August 2020, however discovered himself sidelined after calling some notable politicians for questioning. Two ministers he charged with negligence requested that the case be transferred to a different choose.
A courtroom choice, seen by Reuters, claimed that as a result of Sawan’s house had been damaged in the blast, he wouldn’t be neutral.
Changing him in February 2021 was Choose Tarek Bitar. Like Sawan, Choose Bitar known as main political figures in for questioning and later issued arrest warrants for them. Amongst them are Ali Hassan Khalil and Ghazi Zeiter, shut allies of Lebanon’s Speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri, who nonetheless refuse to reply to Choose Bitar’s requests and declare they’ve parliamentary immunity.
Regardless of a lot common help, lots of Choose Bitar’s efforts had been impeded, with Lebanon’s Inner Safety Forces at instances refusing to execute warrants and the previous Courtroom of Cassation public prosecutor, Ghassan Oueidat, ordering his investigation halted.
A brand new period
In early 2025, Lebanon elected a brand new president, Joseph Aoun, and a brand new prime minister, Nawaf Salam.
Of their inaugural addresses, each spoke in regards to the significance of discovering justice for the victims of the port explosion.
“The present justice minister appears decided to go all the best way, and he has promised that the choose will not face any hurdles and that the ministry will present all assist required,” Karim Emile Bitar, a Lebanese political analyst with no relation to the choose investigating the port explosion, advised Al Jazeera.
Human Rights Watch reported in January 2025 that Choose Bitar had resumed his investigation, “after two years of being stymied by Lebanese authorities”.
On July 29, Salam issued a memorandum declaring August 4 a day of nationwide mourning. On July 17, Aoun met with the households of victims killed within the explosion.
“My dedication is obvious: We should uncover the entire fact and maintain accountable those that prompted this disaster,” Aoun mentioned.
Oueidat, the previous public prosecutor, was changed by Choose Jamal Hajjar in an performing capability in 2024, earlier than being confirmed as his successor in April 2025.
In March 2025, Hajjar reversed Oueidat’s selections and allowed Choose Bitar to proceed his investigation.
Authorized consultants and activists have been happy by the progress.
“Precise people implicated within the case are displaying as much as interrogations,” Ramzi Kaiss, Lebanon researcher at Human Rights Watch, advised Al Jazeera. Amongst them are Tony Saliba, the previous director-general of State Safety, Abbas Ibrahim, former director-general of the Normal Directorate of Normal Safety, and Hassan Diab, prime minister on the time of the explosion.
However that is nonetheless not sufficient for these wanting justice to be served after 5 years of battles, activists and consultants observe.
“We’re asking for legal guidelines which might be capable of shield and help the judiciary and the appointments of vacant choose [posts], so this stuff will present the federal government is on our aspect this time,” Daou-Alam mentioned.
Even with the brand new authorities pushing for accountability, some are nonetheless making an attempt to disrupt the method.
Hassan Khalil and Zeiter nonetheless refuse to look earlier than Choose Bitar, and a combat has emerged over the nation’s judicial independence.
“We will solely get justice if the judiciary acts independently in order that they will go after people and so the safety companies can act independently with out political interference,” Kaiss mentioned.
Time for accountability
The previous few years have been a turbulent interval of myriad crises for Lebanon.
A banking collapse robbed many individuals of their financial savings and left the nation in a historic financial disaster. Amid that and the COVID-19 pandemic got here the blast, and worldwide organisations and consultants maintain the Lebanese political institution accountable.
“The time has come to ship a sign to Lebanese public opinion that a few of these accountable, even when they’re in excessive positions, shall be held accountable,” political analyst Bitar mentioned.
“Accountability could be step one for the Lebanese in Lebanon and the diaspora to regain belief,” he mentioned, “and with out belief, Lebanon won’t be able to recuperate.”
Nonetheless, Bitar maintained, progress on the port blast file doesn’t imply each reply will come to the forefront.
“This crime was so enormous that, like many comparable crimes in different nations, typically it takes years and many years, and we by no means discover out what actually occurred,” he mentioned.
Blast sufferer Tracy Naggear famous that “[our] combat… is principally for our daughter, for Alexandra, after all”.
“However we’re [also] doing it for all of the victims and for our nation,” she mentioned. ‘[It’s] for each single person who has been touched by the 4th of August, from a easy scratch to a damaged window.”